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between 1949-1958, gamblers could walk from the Virginia shoreline in Prince William, King George, and Westmoreland counties to slot machine casinos in Maryland, crossing on piers beyond the low water mark of the Potomac River to reach Charles and St. Mary’s counties
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online
In the 20th Century, Maryland was far more relaxed about gambling than Virginia. After World War II, Maryland officials officially authorized slot machines in Charles County and St. Mary’s County. That decision, plus the location of the Virginia-Maryland boundary, made it possible for Virginia gamblers to play the slot machines in Maryland without having to cross the Potomac River.
As defined in the 1632 charter to Lord Baltimore and later interpreted by Federal courts, the Virginia-Maryland boundary is at the low-water line of the Potomac River - not in the middle of the river. As a result of that location and because the two states had very different laws regarding gambling, people were able to step onto piers attached to the Virginia shoreline, walk a short distance above the Potomac River until crossing the low-water mark, and enter gambling casinos that were illegal in Virginia but approved by local officials in Charles County and St. Mary’s County.
Slot machines, invented after the Civil War, were in operation in Charles County, Maryland by 1910. Officials in that state informally allowed the ’amusement devices’ in restaurants, bars, even doctor’s offices across southern Maryland. In some cases, children waiting for the school bus would run into convenience stores and bet their lunch money; one reminiscing state legislator commented that slot machines were ’everywhere except churches.’
In the 1940’s, state and local officials approved legislation that formally permitted slot machines in four counties, including Charles County and St. Mary’s County. The governor endorsed local option, allowing for legalization by a local referendum, in exchange for support for a state sales tax. Because a Federal law (the Johnson Act) banned interstate transport of gambling equipment, those four counties ended up with a monopoly on the legal slot machine business on the East Coast after 1951.1

four counties in Maryland used local option authority to allow slot machines, until the state legislature over-ruled them and banned slots between 1968-1997
Map Source: Maryland State Archives, Map of Maryland Counties & County Seats
The Route 301 bridge across the Potomac River had opened in 1940, and the location of the Maryland-Virginia boundary made it easy for Virginia customers to access slot machines in St. Mary’s and Charles counties. Slots in Maryland were legalized during the days of segregation, and black customers stayed in black-operated motels and gambled in black-operated taverns and restaurants.2
Though a car/bus trip across the Route 301 bridge was convenient, gambling operators quickly identified a way to attract customers to Maryland slot machines without requiring a trip completely across the Potomac River. Gambling barges and shacks were located at the end of piers which stretched from the Virginia shoreline into the river, barely reaching across the Maryland-Virginia border.
Piers in King George County at Fairview Beach, and in Prince William County at Leesylvania, were connected to gambling boats that technically were in Charles County, Maryland. There were three waterfront gambling opportunities in Westmoreland County at the Town of Colonial Beach, Muse’s Beach at the mouth of Pope’s Creek, and at Coles Point.

the opportunity to gamble at Colonial Beach, on a pier extending into Maryland, was highlighted in a pre-Worrld War II postcard
Source: Boston Public Library, In Colonial Beach it’s Monte Carlo for amusements and the Surf Room for dancing and cocktails
The Coles Point Tavern in Westmoreland County was licensed by St. Mary’s County. All other waterfront gambling operations with piers connected to the Virginia shoreline were licensed by Charles County officials. In addition to the entertainment of slot machines, the Maryland establishments offered liquor by the drink, which was also against the law in Virginia.3
Five casinos operated at Colonial Beach, the Little Reno, Jackpot, Monte Carlo, New Atlanta, and Little Steel Pier. Guy Lombardo once attracted crowds to the Reno, which had a large dance floor in addition to over 300 slot machines. Slot machines were delivered by boat, staying within Maryland rather than using Virginia roads, to avoid violating the Johnson Act.
When high waves generated by Hurricane Hazel threatened a pier at Colonial Beach in 1954, the valuable machines could not be brought onshore for fear of confiscation by Virginia authorities. Instead, the slot machines were lowered by rope and pulley to another casino nearby, though three of them broke loose and were lost. The pier collapsed just half an hour after the salvage operation was completed.4
Plans to anchor three gambling barges just offshore from Gunston Hall and establish the ’Gunston Hall Yacht Club’ were blocked. Opposition may have been successful in part because Clyde Tolson, the close confidant of Federal Bureau of Investigation director J. Edgar Hoover, lived near Gunston Hall. A pier was built in Prince William County at Leesylvania and a slot machine facility opened there, rather than at Gunston Hall.5
Owners of establishments with slot machines were closely connected to Maryland state officials, and bribery may have been a factor. One Maryland legislator who was given complimentary coins on a familiarization tour of casino at Colonial Beach chose put them into his pockets, rather than use the coins in the slot machines. When he slipped, people nearby:6..grabbed his arms, [but] he had so much weight in his pockets that his suspenders broke. And his trousers came down.

Westmoreland County offered two opportunities, at Coles Point and Colonial Beach, for Virginia gamblers to walk across the border into Maryland
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online
In Prince William County, the SS Freestone (built in 1910 as a passenger steamer and originally called City of Philadelphia) was docked at Freestone Point on the old Leesylvania plantation. Customers walked on a short pier from Freestone Point to the ship, which was far enough offshore to be located in Charles County, Maryland. Plans to develop the peninsula at Leesylvania into a family amusement resort were publicized, but the main investment was in the gambling operation for adults.

Carl Hill’s plans for developing the Leesylvania peninsula as the Pleasureland of the East included more than just the SS Freestone gambling boat
Source: Prince William County, The History of the Prince William County Waterfront
The gambling boat offered liquor-by-the-drink as well as 200 slot machines in 1957-58. The SS Freestone created tax revenue for Charles County in Maryland rather than for Prince William County in Virginia, but attracting as many as 15,000 customers on weekends did create jobs - including two teams of people hired to provide security, one authorized to enforce Maryland law on the boat and a separate team to enforce Virginia law on the land.
When the Prince William Board of County Supervisors asked the Maryland legislature to change the law authorizing offshore gambling, the elected supervisor representing the Freestone Point area (Dr. A. J. Ferlazzo) supported the gambling boat.7

the SS Freestone (red X) was docked at what is today Leesylvania State Park, upstream (north) of the Potomac Shores development on Cherry Hill Peninsula
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online
The Saturday Evening Post highlighted Colonial Beach as ’Las Vegas on the Potomac’ in 1957. Westmoreland County, which had a population of less than 11,000 people in 1950, had 20,000 people per weekend coming to the casinos at Colonial Beach. The magazine noted how one major operator there, Del Conner, expanded his hotel business to take advantage of the boundary created by King Charles I in his 1632 land grant to Lord Calvert:8Conner owes his enviable position to a highly developed sense of geographical values. Virginia laws ban both gambling and drinking hard liquor in public. Yet Conner is immune from prosecution; his casinos operate openly in the protective presence of uniformed deputy sheriffs. What explains the paradox is a freakish state border. Technically, the piers fall within the jurisdiction of Charles County, Maryland, even though the Maryland mainland begins six miles away, on the other side of the Potomac..
..Thanks to whimsical King Charles I, Conner and his colleagues were no more subject to Virginia restraints than the lords of Las Vegas.
Virginia officials complained regularly to Maryland’s governor and other leaders that the gambling boats were a public nuisance. Moral objections were raised by ministers, and there was a persistent perception that slot machine businesses were bribing local officials. The cash operations were seen as potential money laundering vehicles for criminal enterprises. Maryland officials also feared that the Patuxent River Naval Air Station might not expand if the slot machines remained available.
At the same time Virginia and Maryland were negotiating an update of the Compact of 1785 regarding control of oyster harvesting and other activities on the Potomac River, the Maryland legislature changed its laws allowing riverfront casinos. At the end of October, 1958, customers were required to access the gambling boats from land in Maryland. Simply crossing over the Maryland-Virginia boundary on a gangplank was no longer legitimate.
Blocking Virginia customers from walking directly onto the boats ended the borderline gambling tradition. The SS Freestone was renamed the SS Potomac and finished her working days on the Hudson River. The owner, Carl Hill, moved his gambling operation to the Maryland shore at Mattawoman Creek. He used a boat to carry customers from the old Leesylvania site across the Potomac River to his new crab house and casino at Sweden Point.9

in 1958 Maryland required customers to access gambling facilities from land in Maryland, so the SS Freestone operation at Leesylvania was closed and boats carried Virginia customers across the Potomac River to a new slot machine casino/restaurant at Sweden Point (now Smallwood State Park)
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online
Opposition to the remaining gambling operations in Maryland continued, and by 1968 all the legal slot machine businesses in Maryland had been phased out. The tradition of borderline gambling on the Potomac River was slow to fade away, however, despite the changes in state laws.
As late as 1979, the Coles Point Tavern was raided by Maryland State Police. They took a boat across the river, found gambling equipment, and arrested the owner. It was, of course, no secret to the Virginia customers that the shack, self-described as a ’weather beaten bar that has been in St. Mary�s County, Maryland, since 1953 when it was constructed on pilings over the Potomac River’ offered entertainment that was not readily available elsewhere in Virginia. As Captain Renault said when closing down Ricks Bar in the movie Casablanca, ’I’m shocked, shocked to find that gambling is going on in here..’)10

whether or not the Coles Point Tavern is located in Maryland or Virginia, slot machines are no longer legal there
Source: Google Mapper
Gambling returned to Colonial Beach after the Maryland Lottery started in 1976. Until the Virginia lottery started in 1988, the busiest Maryland Lottery terminals were on The Riverboat at the end of a pier which extended far enough into the Potomac River so it was in Charles County, Maryland. That building was the last of the old riverfront casinos, once known as the Little Reno.
The Riverboat today is a replacement, built after Hurricane Isabel in 2003 destroyed the previous version. It now provides a place for customers to buy a Virginia Lottery ticket, then step a few feet across the border and purchase a Maryland Lottery ticket. Once across the state line, people can bet in a Maryland Off Track Betting (OTB) parlor, play keno, and occasionally join a ’Texas Hold ’em’ tournament.11
In 2008, Maryland legalized slot machines again, allowing gambling at five casinos. Virginia officials feared the potential for expansion beyond those five locations, and a return of waterfront gambling operations. The Virginia House of Delegates asked Maryland to ’refrain from authori

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